The Economic Life Of Song China - 1136 Words

Several scientific and economical things contributed to the urban life in Song China. However, before the Song Dynasty could flourish as whole, the first Song emperor Song Taizu defeated warlords and consolidated Song control throughout China (Pg. 219). It can also be compared to the economy in present day china. Song China improved in science with these several inventions: Gunpowder, Paper Money + Credit, Trade, Fast ripening rice, and how urban life in Song China shapes today’s economy in china. These inventions led to the growth in economy and prosperity in urban china. Agriculture is one of the major productions of every country in the world. Every country has specific crops that are distinct to their area. Naturally, it would lead to better quality of life with as surplus grows. It has a benefit to the economy as well. The surplus can always be a way of trading with other countries; boosting the economic life of Song China. Rice was the staple crop of Song China. Fast ripening rice contributed greatly to the agricultural development. It allowed farmers to harvest two crops per year opposed to once a year (Pg. 220) A greater amount of leftover rice of course would lead to more stability of people since they would not be starving. Though, the Song Dynasty’s agriculture did not only benefit from fast ripening rice, it benefited from a new technology used in fields. Originally it was used by humans, but with the domestication of animals, specifically the oxen in north SongShow MoreRelatedThe Major Change in Sui, Tang Song Dynasty586 Words   |   3 PagesThe Major Change in Sui, Tang Song Dynasty What are the major changes in political structures, social, and economic life in The Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasty. Well during the period of the dynasty that China was unified again when Young Jian a member of aristocratic family from northern china founded a new dynasty known as Sui. The Sui dynasty started 581 and ended 618bit was founded by Sui Wendi or Yang Jian. The major changes that occurred were reduce the rich-poor social gap, enhancedRead MoreHow the Tang-Song Era Is a Golden Age1507 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinition of a Golden Age is a time of economic, political, technological, and social improvement and advance at a great level. The Tang and Song Dynasties are very important to the history of Chinese civilization. The Tang Era is the most well-known dynasty in Chinese history, mainly because the empire was the largest, richest and most sophisticated state in the world at the time. The Song Era had far-reaching impacts economically, culturally, and socially. During the Song Era, there was major developmentRead MoreDevelopments in Ancient China1255 Words   |  6 Pages In the early years of China, the Chinese began a period of establishment in the world with ideas and teachings of new religions, changing powers, and building empires. 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During the processes of warfares, the Northern Song, as a state which counted on civil administration to produce wealth, had to spend a huge amount of wealth to participateRead MoreEssay1115 Words   |  5 PagesSince china is seeing a rapid economic development in the past few d ecades, we have also heard about the environmental and other issues related to the development of the country. Since I came to china for study, I got the opportunity to learn more about the success of china’s economic development as well as the negative externalities of the development and also the problem related to higher population. I have also learned about Chinese culture, language, the interesting dynasties (kingdoms) and theRead MoreIntroduction of the Cut Throat Institutions of Western Capitalism into China1556 Words   |  6 PagesWhat many considered the modernization of China was actually China’s introduction to the cut throat institutions of western capitalism, foreign policy, and western imperialism. China for centuries had dealt with foreigners on its own understanding of foreign policy called the tribute system which maintain the idea that outside nations would be submissive to China authority as a sign of respect to the Emperor because China was seen a s the most advance country in the world and in recognition of theRead MoreContrasting the Politics, History, Economics and Education of China and the US1418 Words   |  6 Pages China, a fast-developing country in the 21st century has a long way to go to catch up with America, a well-developed country. The differences between the two countries are part of the reasons why this happen. In political aspect, they have different systems to function. In historical aspect, China has a different history from the United States. In the economical way, China is making a great progress, but the poverty and unemployment still commonly exist in the country while the US does aRead MoreChina And The World : A Golden Age1168 Words   |  5 PagesChina and the World: Ch.8 1. Why are the centuries of the Tang and song dynasties in China sometimes referred to as a â€Å"golden age†? 2. In what ways did women’s live change during the Tang and Song dynasties? 3. How did the Chinese and their nomadic neighbors to the north view each other? 4. What assumptions underlay the tribute system? 5. How did the tribute system in practice differ from the ideal Chinese understanding of its operation? 6. In what ways did China and theRead MoreCompare And Contrast Tang And Song Dynasty932 Words   |  4 PagesFollowing the collapse of the Han Dynasty in 220, China declined into an elongated term of division. China was divided and in a time of war, with a lack of leadership. It was only in the Sui Dynasty (589-618) reunited North and South China as one. The Tang (618-906) and Song (960 - 1279) Dynasties that followed created the â€Å"Golden Ages of China†. Although the Tang and Song Dynasties existed in a similar time and had a similar economy, there are also many differences between the influential dynastiesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Chinese Lessons By John Pomfret966 Words   |  4 PagesCommunism in China, it was known to be a chaotic country on the brink of self-destruction. With the emergence of the party leader Mao Zedong, came a new hope, which filled its inhabitants with the belief that China would return to its former historical greatness. American and Chinese relations before 1971 were in simple terms described as â€Å"uneasy†, due to the American, Soviet Cold War. It was not until President Richard Nixon visited China and realized the high value of having China as a ally that

Essay about Job Stress - 1011 Words

You havent been at work for more then twenty minutes and already your day is going down hill. Your phone is ringing off the hook. Papers piled on your desk , and now you have to attend a meeting. Day after day it is the same thing at your job and you have become highly stressed out. In my paper I am going to explain why job stress happens and ways that you can relieve it. One type of stress is job stress. Job stress is when the stressors involved are work related. NIOSH the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health states, job stress is the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker. There are many things in life that†¦show more content†¦If you have a lot of work to do and you feel yourself getting frustrated take a short break. If you take five to ten minutes and walk around or listen to music this can take away some of your stress. If you take breaks reg ularly you are more likely to get as stressed out. Another cause of job related stress is impending layoffs. Not many people are safe from this because labor in the workforce is not at a high demand right now. Theres not much you can do if you are in jeopardy of being laid off besides prepare for it. Have your resume ready and constantly try to update it. Also keep your network a live by asking co-workers about their status and if they have heard anything about layoffs. This way you can see where the company is making most of its cut backs. It will be easier to know if you are endanger of being laid off. The only positive to being laid off is if you had been wanting a career change. If you would like to pursue a different job now would be the time to attempt to. When you are still working and looking for another job you are not in desperate need of a job like you are when you are unemployed. The last thing that can create stress at your job is conflict with a boss or co-workers. It might be hard to put your personality difference aside but, you have a job to do and you need to make an effort to solve the issues that are going to cause more stress. A good way to getShow MoreRelatedJob Stress3148 Words   |  13 Pagesabout job related stress. With many households depending on duel incomes, people are working more and having less leisure time. Many claim that job stress has contributed to such illnesses as heart disease, depression, gastric problems, exhaustion, and many other related illnesses. This paper will focus on the background issues surrounding stress; as well as, the steps that need to be taken by one#8217;s self and the employer. According to The Random House Dictionary, stress is definedRead More Job Stress Essay3039 Words   |  13 Pagesmore about job related stress. With many households depending on duel incomes, people are working more and having less leisure time. Many claim that job stress has contributed to such illnesses as heart disease, depression, gastric problems, exhaustion, and many other related illnesses. This paper will focus on the background issues surrounding stress; as well as, the steps that need to be taken by oneamp;#8217;s self and the employer. According to The Random House Dictionary, stress is definedRead MoreJob Stress : An Essential Component Of Communication1635 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered to be one such profession. Over the last 10 years, nurses consistently reported the highest levels of job stress out of all healthcare professionals (American Nurse Association, 2011). Job stress is noted to cause harmful physical, psychological and emotional responses which occur when the needs of the job do not meet the needs of the worker. Amongst nurses, the highest sources of stress are due to the heavy workload, poor management, professional conflicts, and the emotional demands of caringRead MoreJob Stress and Its Impact on Employee Performance18500 Words   |  74 PagesCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction to the topic People at work worry about all sorts of things; increasing competition for jobs, globalization, terrorism, looking after aging parent and relatives, annual appraisal, new technology, outsourcing of jobs along with increased demand of employer for higher productivity. These and some other factors make the employees experience certain pressures at times. Like they have to meet certain deadlines, cope with some unusual but critical situations on theirRead MoreAn Investigation into Related Job Stress and Job Satisfaction1050 Words   |  5 PagesCaribbean University to investigate the relation between job satisfaction and job stress among teachers. According to French Caplan (1972) job stress is as a result of a misfit between an individual and their environment. Research topic: â€Å"An investigation into related job stress and job satisfaction† Job Stress Among Teachers Related job stress and job satisfaction have been a topic researched by several scholars and now by me. The issue of stress in the teaching profession as caused a serious concernRead MoreEssay on Stress and Its Effects on Job Performance2642 Words   |  11 PagesStress and Its Effects on Job Performance Who of you worrying can add a single hour to his life? Since you cannot do this very little thing, why do you worry about the rest? -Luke 12:25-26 Whether you are talking to a college professor, a nuclear physicist, a doctor or the fifteen year-old flipping burgers at your neighborhood McDonalds, a common factor that ties all of their very different jobs together is job-related stress. Stress comes in many forms and it affects people in manyRead MoreThe Impact of Job Stress on Employees’ Productivity in an Organisation1960 Words   |  8 PagesIMPACT OF WORK STRESS ON EMPLOYEES’ PRODUCTIVITY IN AN ORGANIZATION CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY There has been an increasing amount of talk about â€Å"employee stress† over the past decade. Quite what it is and how best to combat it are two aspects which are rather less-documented. Stress is a more subjective topic than most we have so far encountered. People may have widely differing views about its causes, impacts and, even, very existence. The workplace of the 21st centuryRead MoreThe Impact of Mental Illnesses and Health Problems from Work-Related Stress on Employees in Office Jobs2507 Words   |  10 Pagesand Health Problems from Work-Related Stress on Employees in Office Jobs Introduction Year after year a behavioral change began to impact her life; she became irritable, fatigued and gained almost fifty pounds. She was no longer fun to be around and isolated herself away from everyone. Her kids would ask if she was okay and knew something was wrong. The work-related stress and harassment she received from her bosses triggered symptoms of depression. The job took place at Unknown Healthcare whereRead MoreImpact of Organizational Structure and Culture on Job Satisfaction, Job Stress and Employee Motivation: a Survey of Existing Litreature15110 Words   |  61 PagesIMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND CULTURE ON JOB SATISFACTION, JOB STRESS AND EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION: A SURVEY OF EXISTING LITREATURE ABSTRACT Effectively managing human resources in the organizations is a big concern both for HR managers and the policy makers of the organization. To have a satisfied, motivated, less stressed performing workforce an organization must have consistency amongst its structure, system, people, culture and good fit with the strategy. In this paper an attempt has beenRead MoreJob Satisfaction, Work Attitude and Stress Tolerance of Public Elementary School Teachers3651 Words   |  15 PagesSCOPE INTRODUCTION Rationale of the Study Job satisfaction is simply how people feel about their jobs and different aspects of their jobs. It is the extent to which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction) their jobs. As it is generally assessed, job satisfaction is an attitudinal variable. In the past, job satisfaction was approached by some researchers from the perspective of need fulfilment – that is, whether or not the job met the employee’s physical and psychological needs

Sea Level Rises And Problems For Bangladesh Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(83) " survey objectives one type of research methodological analysis will be conducted\." In the twenty-first century when we are fighting with tonss of challenges, which are necessary to do certain being of life in the universe. If we think overall, the current planetary issues are nutrient, energy, recession, International Political issue, Climate alteration, Nuclear Missile trial, Fight against universe poorness as 100,00000 people unrecorded under poorness line, United Nations Global issue ( 2009, the twelvemonth in Review ) . Nowadays, Climate alteration is the most of import issue as whole universe is concern about the clime alteration. We will write a custom essay sample on Sea Level Rises And Problems For Bangladesh Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, last 6-18 December`2009 the universe leaders met together in Copenhagen for happening out the solutions for this current job. The universe ‘s ambiance is going hot to hotter by the assorted human activities which ultimate consequences is the planetary heating, i.e. Climate alteration. Sea Level Rise ( SLR ) is the consequence of addition temperature in the ambiance and affects low-lying coastal countries and deltas of the universe. Harmonizing to the Warrick et Al ( 1993 ) stated that Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) in 1990, estimated that universe would be 3.30 heater at the terminal of the following century due to the scenario of nursery gas emanation, with a scope of uncertainness of 2.2 to 4.90 C. Because of the addition in temperature, sea degree will lift due to the thermic enlargement and ice thaw. There are assorted affect has due to the SLR on Bangladesh, being a low-lying state in the universe, peculiarly in coastal country. The coast country of Bangladesh is about 710 kilometers, which contains the universe longest sea beach Cox ‘s Bazar. It has been approved by many of the natural research workers that Bangladesh is the most disaster-prone state in the universe as it has been sing a tonss of calamity such as inundation, tropical cyclones, coastal eroding, coastal storm surges which causes heavy loss of life, belongings and endangering the activities of current and past development for the geographical place, Ali ( 1999 ) . 1.2 Designation of job in the facet of Bangladesh: As we have seen that harmonizing to the many experts Bangladesh is the most affected state in the universe due to the SLR, hence, the following job has been identified and necessary to farther scrutiny for future version and sustainability for longer clip. To look into rate of the sea degree rise in the Bangladesh, peculiarly, when will the sea degree lift up to one meter? What are the immediate jobs will be raised due to these degrees rise in coastal parts in Bangladesh? What will be the duty for sea degree rise locally and globally? About Global heating 2.1 What is the Global heating? Harmonizing to the NASA ( 2010 ) stated that aˆ?Global heating is an addition in the mean temperature of Earth ‘s surfaceaˆ? . Due to the planetary worming, the mean temperature of Earth ‘s surface has been increased about 0.7 to 1.4 grades F ( 0.4 to 0.8 grades C ) since 1800`s, and at the terminal of 2100 the Earth ‘s mean temperature will be increased extra 2.5 to 10.4 grades F ( 1.4 to 5.8 grades C ) which has been estimated by many experts. World Climatologists have analysed that Global heating is making due to heightening Earth ‘s natural nursery effects which taking nursery gas in the ambiance, firing the fossil fuels ( coal, Oil, and natural gas ) , firing of cars in mill, electric power workss that provide energy. Many amendss would be occurred due to the uninterrupted planetary heating, SLR is one of the most unsafe, and most of the coastal country can be flooded. NASA ( 2010 ) . About Sea-level rise 3.1 Causes of SLR: Thermal enlargement of the oceans, runing glaciers, and runing ice caps is the chiefly responsible for SLR, which are besides symptoms of planetary heating. When any liquid or ocean addition in temperature, it increases in volume as well which is known by thermic enlargement. When there is runing of glacial and ice cap thaw, it is the net loss of H2O from the organic structure of snow and ice ; if more H2O thaws off the glacier or ice cap during the summer than is accumulated through precipitation during the winter. Mission ( 2010 ) . 3.2 Types of SLR: Lewis ( 2000 cited in Mission, 2010 ) â€Å" There are two types of SLR: Eustatic and isostatic. Eustatic SLR responds to major climatic alteration and perchance affected by planetary heating. Isostatic sea degree rise is a localised representation of perpendicular supplantings of land surface with regard to sea levelaˆ? Based on Lewis ( 2000 ) we can make up one’s mind that in Bangladesh is affected by eustatic SLR, which is created by the planetary heating. 3.3 Global Sea Level Prediction: Measurement of SLR depends on which theoretical account was implemented. Most popular cited theoretical accounts normally used to foretell SLR are Hadley-CM3, MPI, GFDL, and CCCMA. If we find out any scope of informations, which are unmanageable and unpredictable factors that influence SLR. We can foretell the hereafter development engineering, thermic enlargement, planetary heating, clime, and the nursery emanation are such types of factors. Different premises have been aroused due to utilize of the different theoretical accounts. The norm of the scopes was calculated to acquire the most accurate Numberss. Mission 2010 ( 2010 ) Harmonizing to the Kim ( 2006 cited in Mission, 2010 ) : Figure-1: Sea degree rise ( beginning: Mission 2010 ( 2010 ) ) The scope of the informations from extremes of.02 metres, Walsh ( 2002 cited in mission 2010 ) to 6 metres, AGI ( 1994, cited in mission 2010 ) . If we omit the lower and upper lineations than the norm, ranges indicate that sea degree will lift 0.944. In the figure-1 the hair’s-breadth secret plan and box delineates the 50 % of the scope of complied SLR is 0.48 metres to 1.94 metres. The lineations omitted secret plan, which indicated with ruddy circles. 0.55 is the average, while the norm is 0.944 metres. Methodology 4.1 Study Methodology: In order to run into the assignment ‘s information demands and achieve the survey objectives one type of research methodological analysis will be conducted. You read "Sea Level Rises And Problems For Bangladesh Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" Due to budget and clip restraints, the type of methodological analysis to be employed is restricted. 4.2 Study Based on Secondary Data: The primary phase will dwell of secondary analysis of already bing informations. Literature on SLR in relation to fondness of Bangladesh and other relevant cardinal literature will be reviewed in order to look into the underlying relationship between SLR and cause of amendss in Bangladesh. The beginnings of secondary research are chiefly academic beginning ( Journal article, conference proceedings, working documents and relevant books, etc. ) , organisation ‘s beginning ( as the research is based on one peculiar organisation, information on organisation will be gathered through organisational literature, booklet, website etc ) . Apart from that studies, international studies, scientific diaries, maps and intelligence articles, which are highlighted SLR that related with Bangladesh issues. Data besides will be collected from some surveies of the same field in other portion of the universe. 4.3 Data Analysis Data will be collected over the short period. Due to the clip, restriction and cost effectual, no primary informations will be used for this survey. Qualitative and measures data analysis will be conducted in the survey. Sometimes comparative information analysis will be besides conducted. 5.1 Who are to be blamed for Global Warming? Increasing temperature expand the ocean volume in two ways. First, in polar parts it ‘s runing mass volume of ice. Second, it creates the thermic enlargement of the ocean ‘s H2O. Harmonizing to Wigley and Raper ( 1987 ) suggested mentioned that the comparative parts of thermic enlargement and ice thaw through approximately equal functions for enlargement and ice thaw to a dominant enlargement consequence. Therefore, volume of ocean H2O of the Earth and rise in the sea degree are increasing by the two factors. The homo is the chiefly responsible factor for rise of sea degree and planetary heating by combustion of fossil fuels. Trees are the chief responsible factors make balance in the environment by sucking the CO2. Deforestation is another job, which is created by Human as they are cutting many trees for their ain grounds. It has been measured that since 1980, more than 75 % CO2 emanation caused by the human because of fossil fuel combustion and remainder is the cause of agribusiness, deforestation and other human alterations utilizing the land ( Miller, 2004 ) . The development of power and the industrial workss which are firing the 1000s of coal and more than 700 million gasoline-burning motor vehicles which finally contribute the largest current CO2 emanation in the environment. One study revealed that combustion of coal by merely U.S, which exceeded more than combined CO2 emanations of 146 states and its contains 75 % of the universe ‘s people ( Miller, 2004 ) . Compare to U.S. , Bangladesh as a little state is playing compatible function for the emanation of CO2 gas and nursery gas effects. Figure-2 ( beginning: World broad per capita C dioxide emanation ( Data beginning: NAPA, 2002 ) Based on the study of National Adaptation Programs of Action ( NAPA, 2002 ) duologue, Bangladesh is merely responsible for emanation of CO2 is 0.2 ton per twelvemonth. Whereas, at the same clip USA entirely responsible for CO2 emanation is 20.0 ton per twelvemonth which is the more than 100 clip than Bangladesh and figure for the other developing states is 1.6, 4.0 and 6.0 severally. Harmonizing to Sarwar ( 2005 ) Stated that aˆ?The OECD, states, with approximately 15 % of the universe population, history for around 44 % of the entire emanation. One state, USA, is entirely responsible for 23 % of the entire annual fossil-fuel C emanation to the ambiance. In contrast, Bangladesh contributes a minuscular 0.06 % ( Warrick at EL, 1993 ) . Based on the NAPA, 2002 and OECD states data analysis, we can stand for that USA is transporting chief responsible function for the CO2 emanation to the atmosphere whereas they are non enduring much like Bangladesh. Figure- Top 20 CO2 emanations states in the universe, each country`s portion of CO2 emanation ( beginning: UCS, 2010 ) The Coastal part of Bangladesh Coastal Geomorphology of Bangladesh: The definition of seashore zone is where land and sea meet. Bangladesh has long coastal zone, about 710 kilometers by the distance around the Bay of Bengal between Indian and Myanmar boundary lines. The coastal part consists by 19 territory of Bangladesh which include Barguna, Bagerhat, Barisal, Bhola, Chittagong, Chandpur, Cox`s Bazar, Gopalganj, Jessore, Feni, Jhalakati, Khulna, Lakshimpur, Narail, Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Satkhira, Shariatpur and Noakhali. Bangladesh has made one of the most vulnerable states in the universe due to SLR, which is the consequence of planetary heating in term of the geographical location and morphological conditions. More than 10 % of the state seldom 1 m above the average sea degree and one tierce is the under tidal jaunts. There are three distinguishable coastal parts such as western, cardinal, and eastern zones, Ali ( 1999 ) . The universe largest individual piece of land of Rhizophora mangle ecosystem, Sundarbans located in the southwest corner of Bangladesh, which covers 6017km2 at nowadays. The land degree varies in the Sundarbans from 1 m 2 m and flooded during the high tides. Recently research, It has been predicted that due to the SLR there are some little and big islands like Kutubdia, Bhola, Sandwip and Hatia will be for good flooded and Bangladesh will lose its form. Figure-3: Map shows the coastal country and the major river system ( beginning: Ali, 1999 ) SLR in Bangladesh: Harmonizing to this ( figure-4 ) , acceleration of sea degree will be the worsted state of affairs for the Bangladesh in the whole existence. If we look at the current state of affairs, where today context entire population is 112 million and entire land country is 134,000 km2. . A three dimensional position of the current coastline and major rivers and possible hereafter sea degrees at 1.5 metre displayed by utilizing Digital terrain patterning techniques. It has been calculated since 1989 that the expected rate of SLR has been increased and it has been anticipated that at present expected rates, this phase will happen in approximately 150 old ages from now. Figure-4: Screening that the anticipation of sea degree rises and affect ( beginning: UNEP, Environmental cognition for alteration, Potential impact of low-lying rise on Bangladesh ) Scenario Land Area `000 km2 Population 1989 `000`000 ext Population 2030 `000`000 ext 150 centimeter 22 ( 16 % ) 17 ( 15 % ) 34 ( 15 % ) Bangladesh sum 134 ( 100 % ) 112 ( 100 % ) 224 ( 100 % ) Table-5: Potential impact of Sea-level rise on Bangladesh ( Beginning: UNEP/GRID-Arendal,2009, ) Geographically, Bangladesh is the most affected state: Harmonizing to the many scientific research, we came to cognize that sea degrees do non lift identically in each geographical part. As a consequence, in some parts sea degrees are expected to lift somewhat more than in others, as the addition in temperature within the different ( verticals ) beds of H2O takes topographic point in different phases. Therefore, geographical place of Bangladesh in this state is situated merely above the sea degree and in the estuary of three big rivers-Brahmaputra, Ganges and Meghan. Floods from the sea every bit good as from rivers spliting their Bankss threaten the state. Furthermore, state of affairs in Bangladesh is intensified by tropical cyclones and monsoon rainfall. Effectss of sea degree rise on the coastal zone of Bangladesh 8.1 Salinity invasion on the seashore part in Bangladesh: Coastal part of Bangladesh is called the house of nutrients for Bangladesh, like Barisal, Khulna. However, the chief consequence of SLR in seashore part is scarceness of fresh H2O handiness decrease by salt invasion. Due to the SLR, both H2O and dirt salt along the seashore will be increased, destructing normal features of coastal dirt and H2O. In Bangladesh, coastal people ‘s chief earning beginning is Shrimp ‘s cultivation in the fresh H2O. Due to the SLR and salt invasion as Shrimp ( Peneaus Monodon ) species can non cultivate in coastal part which being investigated in a comparative survey by SRDI ( 1998b, 1998c ) between for the period of 1973 and 1997. Recently study found that Day by twenty-four hours huge figure of countries is converted to saline H2O field. During the twelvemonth 1975, 1987 and 2004 shows that shrimp farm countries has decreased in three coastal territories for salt invasion. During the last 30-years period, salt invasion has degraded land quality and husbandmans can non turn any agricultural harvests in their Fieldss. As a consequence, therefore husbandmans become zero productive landholders, in one sense landless, which their bing saline land. ( Figure-6: Soil Salinity Map of Bangladesh of the twelvemonth 1973 ( Beginning: SRDI, 1998 B ) ( Figure-7: Soil Salinity Map of Bangladesh of the twelvemonth 1997 ( Beginning: SRDI, 1998 degree Celsius ) 8.2: Affect on Agriculture due to sea degree rise in coastal parts in Bangladesh: A research found that due to the Salinity invasion by SLR will diminish the agribusiness production, which will be affected for inaccessibility of fresh H2O and dirt debasement. Therefore, Bangladesh has to be faced scarceness of nutrient in future, Sarwar ( 2005 ) . Furthermore, Salinity besides decreases the terminative energy and sprouting rate of some workss ( Rashid et al. , 2004 and Ashraf et al. , 2002 ) . Another research found that The loss of rice production in a small town of Satkhira territory was 1,151metric tones in 2003 and found that rice production in 2003 was 1,151 metric dozenss less than the twelvemonth 1985, matching to a loss of 69 per centum. Ali ( 2005 ) . Harmonizing to World Bank ( 2000 ) , In a survey found that increased salt entirely from a 0.3 meter SLR will do a net decrease of 0.5 million metric dozenss of rice production. Due to certain degree of SLR affects coastal agribusiness, particularly rice production, in two ways, which include due to the salt invasion degrades soil quality that lessening or inhibit rice production and when rice Fieldss are converted into shrimp pools due to SLR most of the land will be flooded by salt H2O. Figure-8 ( a ) : Production country ( % of entire production country of Bangladesh ( beginning: Sarwar, 2009 ) Figure-8 ( B ) : Production country ( % of entire production country of Bangladesh ( beginning: Sarwar, 2009 ) 8.3: Impacts on aquaculture and piscaries in coastal parts in Bangladesh due to SLR: As all territories, which are located in the coastal zone, are vulnerable for SLR, which would be affected, on piscaries and aquaculture in Bangladesh by altering the location of the river estuary, doing a great alteration in fish home ground and genteelness land. Due to the SLR would turn this interface rearward, altering home ground of shrimp. Prawn is called the white gold in Bangladesh as Bangladesh is gaining a batch of foreign currency by exporting. Figure-9: impacts on seashore piscaries sector shows in Causal cringle Diagram ( beginning: Sarwar, 2005 ) 8.4: Problem with Settlement and land mass: The SLR will make job on Bangladesh in the coastal country and through the coastal country, on the whole Bangladesh. About 2 % , 5 % and 10 % with a corresponding figures of 2,500, 8,000 and 14,000 with regard to the entire land country of the state will be lost due to SLR of 0.1m, 0.3m and 1.0m severally. Ali ( 2000 ) . Therefore, 29,846 sq. km country of land will be lost and 14.8 million people will be landless by 1.0 m SLR. IPCC ( 2001 ) . Figure-10: Entire possible land loss by 1.0 m Sea Level Rise ( Beginning: IPCC, 2001 ) Figure-11: Entire affected population 1.0 Sea Level Rise ( Beginning: IPCC, 2001 ) A survey by Hutton and Haque ( 2003 ) found that people even if displaced 10 times during the period of 1981-1993, because of river bank eroding of the Jamuna River. Therefore, this eroding will do fiscal loss for the displace people to construct their new houses. 8.5: Affect on touristry industry: The universe ‘s biggest unbroken sea beach Cox`s Bazar is situated in the coastal territory Cox`s Bazar in Bangladesh, holding the length of 145 Km. Furthermore, there are Kuakata beach in Patuakhali territory, Patenga beach in Chittagong territory are besides situated in the coastal zone in Bangladesh. Hossain and Lin ( 2001 ) . During a survey by the Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation font that 19 per centum of aliens sing Bangladesh are tourers, remainder of them are visit Bangladesh for concern or other official intents. Tourism industry serves the state with economic development at the national degree and at the local degree ; it helps to strength local economic system, civilization, and heritage. Due to the SLR, this promising sector will impact the national economic system and heritage of Bangladesh. 8.6: Affect on Security environmental refugees: Barnett ( 2003 cited in Sarwar, 2005 ) suggested that 5.5 million people populating on the Ganges delta in Bangladesh who will be forced to relocate with a 45 centimeter rise in sea degree may seek to travel inland within Bangladesh, but a important figure may seek to travel to neighbouring states India, Myanmar and Pakistan and old migration of this sort has been a factor in force in the part. Figure-12: Ecological refugees by 1.0 m Sea Level Rise ( beginning: Earth Policy Institute, 2004 ) Recently survey has been found that may people have been displaced from their ain place in recent decennaries, which called â€Å" ecological refugees` . Due to the SLR, this will take to make such ecological refugees in the state. Recommendation of possible job solutions due to the sea degree rise 9.1: Introduction: Although Bangladesh has about less important part to increase SLR by planetary heating in clime alteration which the consequence of nursery gas emanation, CO2 emanation by firing petrochemical and other activities, it is dry that it has to endure so disastrously from the effects of clime alteration that likely to happen in the coming decennaries. Therefore, Bangladesh has about nil to make in this respect which can cut down planetary heating and finally, consequence is cut downing SLR. As Bangladesh can non take the of import function to cut down SLR which is the consequences of activities of internationally. Therefore, Bangladesh has to originate two phases of job solutions, such as ( 01 ) Locally ( 02 ) Internationally. 9.1: Local job solution stairss Overall all, point of position, in current state of affairs, Bangladesh should necessitate to see both extenuation and version options as extenuation involves planetary attempts to put to death and version is more local. Therefore, in this extroverted unsafe state of affairs, effectual version policies and extenuation steps should be developed and implemented to minimise SLR impact on Bangladesh. 9.2 Adaptation Bangladesh has three options for version, such as retreat, adjustment, and protection. Bangladesh is well one of the extremely dumbly populated state. Therefore, depending on the future population projections, and deficit of land, retreat is impossible. Unlike, Netherland most of the North and west coastal country has been recovered from sea by run outing system to make a polder. On the other word, version seeks to cut down inauspicious effects of SLR on life beings, including human and environment. Harmonizing to the Chatterjee A ; Huq ( 2002 ) version policy depends on the engineering, wealth/incomes, proficient cognition and scientific and accomplishments, information, substructure, policy and direction establishments and equity. Bangladesh can implement different version options in different sectors such as to protect the piscaries sector by inverting for the development of coastal piscaries. The authorities of Bangladesh should assist the fishermen be updated about the catastrophe and their responsibilities to minimise the possible loss in the event which can assist by doing a annual program that most of the cyclones in the coastal zone occur in October and May. SLR is great impact on coastal agribusiness like salt invasion, inundation, and harm. As agribusiness has mentionable part to the GDP of Bangladesh. Therefore, if GDP is high plenty for excess allotment of money for research, it will assist to happen out salt tolerate species for agribusiness and of class find out new agribusiness techniques such as drifting agribusiness, which is the best manner to accommodate with the inauspicious state of affairs of sea degree rise. World biggest Rhizophora mangle wood is situated in the southeast coastal zone in the territory of Khulna. If Bangladesh can be arranged proper monitoring in Rhizophora mangle afforestation which can assist to protect dirt eroding because its roots help to pack dirt. As rice is the staple nutrient of the people of Bangladesh, whose production has decreased by the awaited sea degree rise that should increase production by presenting advanced agricultural engineering and by cultivating high output assortments in other parts of the state. Government should affect grass-root degree people with climate alteration adapt which is one of the best manner as Bangladeshi people are really advanced and enterprising and what is the of import is to transport out elaborate scientific surveies, to do the people aware of the at hand dangers, and to develop, along with them methods of version. 9.3 Extenuation: In the medical scientific discipline has a celebrated adage that â€Å" bar is better than remedy â€Å" . CO2 emanation is the control is the bar of clime alteration and SLR finally. Although, Bangladesh emits a little volume of nursery gasses, the state should take necessary stairss even to cut down its emanation. On the other manus, control of deforestation and dodo fuel usage is indispensable for the intent. Harmonizing to the IPCC ( 2001a ) indicates the chief nursery gas emanation decrease steps such as: ( I ) . Demand decrease and/or efficiency betterment, ( II ) , Substitution among fossil fuels, ( III ) , Switch to atomic energy, ( IV ) , Switch to biomass ( V ) , Switch to other renewable, ( VI ) , CO2 scouring and remotion, and ( VII ) . Afforestation which Bangladesh should follow its degree best, the above-named seven steps. 12.1: Internationally job solution stairss: Kyoto Protocol strengthens in the 1997, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed at Rio in 1992 by perpetrating developed states to cut down their corporate emanation of six cardinal nurseries gases by at least 5 % through the 2008-2012 periods. The Members of the EU Switzerland, most cardinal European provinces need to diminish 8 % ; the USA demand to diminish 7 % ; Canada, Hungary, Japan and Poland need to diminish 6 % , of their emanation, to make the mark but Although the USA later rejected the protocol, 178 states finally reached a binding understanding for its execution of Bonn in July 2001. Carter ( 2001 cited in the Sarwar, 2005 ) Harmonizing the UN ( 2005 ) Global C dioxide emanation was reduced merely 1.7 % from 1990 to 1998 that is the little sum of per centum comparison with the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 which has been already agreed in Kyoto protocol that during 2008-2012 will diminish at least 5 % . Last intergovernmental clime alteration conference has been taken topographic point at Bella Center in Denmark capital Copenhagen on the 6-18 December and the conference name was â€Å" Copenhagen 2009 â€Å" . It was the follow up of the 1997`s Kyoto protocol and desperately met all of the UNFCCC members as it became necessary as clime alteration is traveling up so fast. Kobenhavn 2009 ( 2010 ) . In this conference, as Bangladesh is most affected state should take advantage to acquire fund through UN from developed and states who has more part in CO2 emanation. Due to the non consent of China, India and USA as they are the more CO2 emanation states in the universe. Therefore, Government of Bangladesh should prosecute proper compensation program to acquire fund from top CO2 emanation states through United Nations to protect Bangladesh from the affect of planetary heating. 13.1 Decision: Bangladesh will be the largely affected state in the universe due to the SLR, although this state plays really small function in green house gas emanation, taking to climate alteration and SLR. Therefore, Bangladesh authorities should take necessary program and should developed scheme to competitory SLR impacts and therefore safe its citizen. Therefore, development and execution of version policies and taking enterprises for extenuation steps should be taken now and it should non be observe or believe that sea degree will non lift at all, or to wait to see what go on in future. How to cite Sea Level Rises And Problems For Bangladesh Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Navajo Nation free essay sample

The Navajo Nation Hope Thatcher Intro. Cultural Anthropology Dr. Janis McFaul February, 6 2012 The Navajo nation is the largest native tribe in the United States. They are a society built on harmony with Mother Earth. They believe that everything has a purpose whether it be good or evil. They rely on the land for nourishment and medicine. They are a proud tribe and have close family unity. The Navajo are a peaceful tribe and strong in values. Introduction I will discuss a few interesting topics with you in this essay. The Navajo Nation, is in my option, is one of the most beautiful tribes. The name â€Å"Navajo† comes from the Pueblo Indian word for planting fields. The name was given to this tribe because they were farmers. The Navajo ways of family structure is strong and proud. Children do not want to disappoint their parents. Harmony is a daily goal. The respect for one another is a beautiful thing. The basic principle of K†e, meaning relationships comprised of kindness, love, cooperation, thoughtfulness, friendliness, and peacefulness guides interaction among family members in the extended matrilineal kinship network and among clan members†. (Morgan, F. 2002; Witherspoon 1983) The Navajo nation are proud people who are deserving of great respect. Their harmonious ways could be a template for others to follow. Horticulturalist The Navajo were traditionally cultivators, although many now herd sheep, which they acquired from the Spanish†. (Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia) They have four primary plants that they harvest; beans, corn, squash, and tobacco. Corn being the most important. The Navajo share a spiritual connection with Mother Earth, so knowledge and respect of the plants is passed on to the children. The use of sheep was also an important part of the Navajo way. Not only were the sheep used for food (mutton), it also provided clothing, blankets, and rugs from the wool. Belief and Values The Navajo believe they travel through three other worlds before entering this world. The number four is predominate within the Navajo society. There are four sacred mountains that are associated with four colors, four directions, and also the first four clans. There are four aspects of importance in the life journey of the Navajo. First is the importance of religion. These ways are intertwined with their daily lives. Secondly, is food. The importance of this aspect is strong, for the daughters will become the primary meal provider for her family when she marries. The boys need this knowledge for when they become hunters. The third aspect is water. The importance of water is a spiritual experience. It is considered to be a gift from the Holy People. Fourth brings the plants. The spiritual connection between the Navajo and Mother Earth brings great respect for the gifts of nature. These ways are proudly passed from a mother to her children. In their ways, life revolves around Mother Nature. The Navajo believe that there are two classes of people: Earth people and Holy People. The Holy People are believed to have passed through other worlds, thus taking them to the fifth world. This is where the Holy People created the first man and first woman. These are the ancestors of the Earth People. The Holy People have moved on to live in other realms above the earth. The Earth People must do everything they can to maintain harmony with Mother Earth. The first man and woman created the plants and animals from a sacred medicine bag. While doing so, the sacred mountains were created. The first man and woman are responsible for creating the first four pairs of Navajo, which are the founders of the original Navajo clan. Ceremonies are performed to restore harmony. There are purification ceremonies, for example, the blessing of the hogan (home) through singing, praying and pollen sprinkling. The unraveling of herbs and feathers symbolizes the purification of evil and the attraction of good. The Navajo believe that everything has a purpose – be it good or evil. It is important that everything remain in balance. There are more than fifty different kinds of ceremonies that may be used by the Navajo, performed at various times for various reasons. These ceremonies can last for several hours while others may last for nine days. Sickness and Healing There are those who have modernized and go to the local hospital for treatment of ailments, yet there are still those who visit the Medicine Man for his wisdom and ability to cure them. The Medicine Man has super-natural abilities to diagnose and treat ailments. There are three branches of health practitioners – herbalist, shaman, and medicine man. The herbalist are mostly female. They deal with herbs used for systematic relief. The herbalist were mainly mothers tending to their family. The shaman were used to come up with a diagnoses of an ailment, thus referring people to the medicine man. Within the Navajo spiritual healing process, the cause of sickness is the most important. They believe the sickness is not known by the symptoms of illness or what part of the body is affected, but rather the casual agents. The Navajo practice three diagnostic methods – stargazing, listening, and hand-trembling. Among these three methods, hand-trembling is most commonly utilized. Possible cause of an ailment could be the result of violating taboos. Such things as; exposure to snakes or contact with lightning-struck objects are reasons for healing. Some complain of witches that do them harm. When Navajo come in contact with the dead or dying, illness is considered to be a mental disorder. If one has bad thoughts or words while it is raining, they are considered as having no respect for the rain. The sacred forces will punish them, thus the need for spiritual cleansing. Social Change In 1868, the Navajo signed a treaty with the United States Government to reside on a reservation. Prior to WWII (which lasted from 1939 to 1945), the subsistence of the Navajo was farming and herding. Barter was the means of exchange. â€Å"In the 1930s and 1940s, Navajos again suffered under the U. S. Indian policies when they were forced to reduce their livestock because of overgrazing†. (Denetdale, 2006) After WWII, the civil rights movement brought great changes to the Navajo people. The United States as a whole came into great change. Automobiles were purchased and highways were built. Thus opening opportunity for people to experience the Navajo nation through tourism. This opened a new way for the Navajo. The traditional barter system ended. People came from all around to purchase the goods that the Navajo had to offer. Jewelery and rugs were a couple of profitable items that change the Navajo Nation. By the 1950s, the camp-like living was diminishing. The traditional hogans were replaced with modernized houses. Although, the hogans still hold an importance for ceremonial purpose. The Navajo nation has expanded to 16 million acres, covering northeastern Arizona, northwestern Mexico, and southeastern Utah. This is the largest Indian Reservation in the United States. As what some call progress of a nation, there are those that believe that things that are run by tradition are strong and have been for hundreds of years. â€Å"These differences and similarities of Navajo life today from the past will help determine the future of the people. Respect, responsibility, knowledge, and hospitality can ensure Navajo continuance†. (Lee, 2007) The roles of the society are strongly withheld throughout the clan. Navajos believe they are capable of running all aspects of their nation, They now have a more governed way to live, but their ways of tradition still play a strong role of everyday living. Conclusion In closing, I would like to highlight upon the harmony of a tribe that was forced to change their lives to accommodate invaders of their land. These people have endured many great tragities along their way, yet remain with the harmony of one another and their surroundings. The relationships of the Navajo society are very strong. The respect of each other is a natural way. The spiritual connection with Mother Earth is the foundation of their being.